Recently, I was looking into how to setup a Qt project with unit tests.  The Qt-esque way to do this is to use the QTest framework within Qt in order to do this.  While not a bad framework, the problem is that there isn’t a good way to integrate it within your project.  What I mean with that is that you must link with the QTest library and have a special main() method in order to run the tests.  This brings up two problems:

1. How do we run the tests if we have only one executable?
2. How do we only link with QTest at certain times(e.g. we don’t want to link with QTest when we send the executable out)

Searching for a solution to the problem, one thing that some people did was to create a .pri file with the source files to compile into two projects: one for the main application, and one for the unit tests.  The disadvantages to this are that it makes it hard to work with Qt Creator to add in the files, as it can’t add them in automatically to the SOURCES and HEADERS list.  So that’s not good.

The other solution that I came across was to add in the files to each project.  However, this adds in a lot of overhead, and you must be sure to add in the files to both projects when something changes.  So that’s not good either.

The solution that I came up with was to have three separate projects:

• One project for the main code of our project.  This gets built as a static library.
• One project to run the main code of our project.  This is the normal executable.
• One project to run the unit tests.  This links with QTest, and doesn’t get installed by default.

This is basically the same project setup as described here, although it wasn’t until after I had created my project that I realized it was the exact same thing(I did come across the link at first, but didn’t understand it at the time since it wasn’t using QTest).

With this project setup, you can edit the main code in Qt creator, do anything that you want, and still have everything link and test in a clean manner(no need to link with QTest in your main executable!)

The code for the same project is up on github, to give you a general overview of how it all fits together.

I’ve been messing around with a Digilent Max32, and have been using Microchip’s MPLAB Harmony framework to program the device.  The framework is rather nice, but it can be a little confusing at times.  It took me a while to figure out how to work the bootloader on it, so this post will go into how to setup your projects.

Prerequisites:

1. PIC32 based device.  In our case, this will be the Max32, but any PIC based device should work fine.
2. MPLAB X, Microchip’s dev platform based on Netbeans.
3. Microchip XC32 compiler.  This should be a part of your MPLAB X install, but if not you can download it from Microchip’s website.  I am using version 1.42.
4. PIC Programmer.  I have an ICD3, but it should be possible to use a PICKit programmer as well.

Part I: Install Harmony

Before we can mess around with Harmony, we need to install the latest version.  In our case, we will be using the current beta version of 2.0.

1. Download the new Harmony Configurator from Microchip’s website.
2. Go to the ‘Downloads’ tab, and download the proper version for your system
   

   Step 1 and 2 – Download Harmony and Configurator

3. Run the installer for Harmony.  Make sure that you remember where you installed it, you will need this information later.
4. In MPLAB X, go to Tools->Plugins.
   

   Plugins location

5. Go to the ‘Downloaded’ tab
6. Click ‘Add Plugins’
7. Browse to where you downloaded the Harmony plug-in to, and select it.
   

   How to install the downloaded plugin

8. The plugin will now show up in your Plugins window.  Click the ‘Install’ button.
9. The plugin will install.  Once it does, you will have to restart MPLAB X.

Part II: Create Bootloader project

Note that before you come here, you must have MPLAB X Harmony and the proper Harmony plugin installed.

1. Create a new project by going to File->New Project.
2. Select ’32-bit MPLAB Harmony Project’ and click ‘Next’
   

   Basic project configuration

3. Fill in all of the information on this screen.  Don’t forget to set the PIC device that you are using.
4. If the Harmony configurator does not open up for you automatically, go to Tools -> Embedded -> MPLAB Harmony Configurator
   

   Open up the Harmony Configurator if it closes

5. Under the ‘Application Configuration’ section, we want to create an application(we will call it max32_bl) and click ‘Generate application code for selected Harmony components’.  We want to generate code for the bootloader in this area.
   

   Bootloader configuration #1

6. Under the ‘Harmony Framework Configuration’ section, select ‘Bootloader Library’.  We will be using the USART bootloader.  Under the ‘Bootloader or Applicaton?’ section, select ‘Bootloader’.  Also select ‘Ports’ under ‘System Services’
   

   Bootloader configuration #2

7. Click the ‘Generate Code’ button on the Configurator screen.  We will have a number of new C/H files for us to edit.  Also, there is now a custom linker script for us under the ‘Linker Files’ folder.
8. Now that code has been generated, there are a few things that we want to do to make it clear what is happening.  First, we don’t need the legacy bootloader options.  So under ‘Header Files’, go to app/system_config/default/system_config.h, and comment out the preprocessor macros BOOTLOADER_LEGACY and BTL_SWITCH
   

   Delete/comment out these macros

9. The first thing for us to edit in the code is to open up our max32_bl.c file.  This file contains generated code for us to modify.  The first thing is that we need to move the line that says

   BOOTLOADER_ForceBootloadRegister(MAX32_BL_Bootloader_ForceEvent);

   to be in the

   MAX32_BL_Initialize

   function.  Otherwise, the bootloader code will not call our ForceEvent function.

10. Now, let’s add a splash screen.  For now, we can simply add a simple function to print out to the UART, and then call that function once in the MAX32_BL_Tasks function, in the MAX32_BL_STATE_INIT case statement of our switch.  Here’s the simple UART printing function:

    static void writeStringToUART( const char* string ){
     int pos = 0;
     
     while( string[ pos ] != 0 ){
     while( DRV_USART0_TransmitBufferIsFull() ){}
     DRV_USART0_WriteByte( string[ pos++ ] );
     }
    }

11. You should now be able to program your device with the bootloader.  Open up a terminal with a terminal emulator such as Putty, and if you have done everything correctly you should see a splash screen whenever you reset the processor.  On the MAX32, this is accomplished by pressing the reset switch.
12. Let’s also make sure that we can get to the bootloader manually.  To do this, we will have to configure one pin on the chip as a GPIO input, with a pull-up resistor.  Go back to the Harmony Configurator screen, and go to the ‘Pin Settings’ tab.
    

    Pin settings

13. Choose a pin to use as an input.  In my case, I chose RG6.  This corresponds to pin 52 on the Max32 board.  I will also enable the pull up resistor on this pin, so that when the pin is shorted to ground the bootloader will start.
14. Go back to our max32_bl file, and modify MAX32_BL_Bootloader_ForceEvent to look like the following(change your pin if you used a different one).

    int MAX32_BL_Bootloader_ForceEvent(void)
    {
     int rg6 = PLIB_PORTS_PinGet (PORTS_ID_0, PORT_CHANNEL_G, PORTS_BIT_POS_6);
     
     if( !rg6 ){
     writeStringToUART( "Button held, forcing bootloader\n" );
     return 1;
     }
     
     /* Check the trigger memory location and return true/false. */
     if (*(uint32_t *)MAX32_BL_BOOTLOADER_TRIGGER_MEMORY_ADDRESS == 0xFFFFFFFF)
     return (1);
     else
     return (0);
    }

15. Build and re-flash your device.  When you short pin RG6 to GND, the string “Button held, forcing bootloader” should now print out on your console when the bootloader starts.

Here’s the entire file for reference:

/*******************************************************************************
  MPLAB Harmony Application Source File
  
  Company:
    Microchip Technology Inc.
  
  File Name:
    max32_bl.c

  Summary:
    This file contains the source code for the MPLAB Harmony application.

  Description:
    This file contains the source code for the MPLAB Harmony application.  It 
    implements the logic of the application's state machine and it may call 
    API routines of other MPLAB Harmony modules in the system, such as drivers,
    system services, and middleware.  However, it does not call any of the
    system interfaces (such as the "Initialize" and "Tasks" functions) of any of
    the modules in the system or make any assumptions about when those functions
    are called.  That is the responsibility of the configuration-specific system
    files.
 *******************************************************************************/

// DOM-IGNORE-BEGIN
/*******************************************************************************
Copyright (c) 2013-2014 released Microchip Technology Inc.  All rights reserved.

Microchip licenses to you the right to use, modify, copy and distribute
Software only when embedded on a Microchip microcontroller or digital signal
controller that is integrated into your product or third party product
(pursuant to the sublicense terms in the accompanying license agreement).

You should refer to the license agreement accompanying this Software for
additional information regarding your rights and obligations.

SOFTWARE AND DOCUMENTATION ARE PROVIDED "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTY OF
MERCHANTABILITY, TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
IN NO EVENT SHALL MICROCHIP OR ITS LICENSORS BE LIABLE OR OBLIGATED UNDER
CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, CONTRIBUTION, BREACH OF WARRANTY, OR
OTHER LEGAL EQUITABLE THEORY ANY DIRECT OR INDIRECT DAMAGES OR EXPENSES
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, PUNITIVE OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, LOST PROFITS OR LOST DATA, COST OF PROCUREMENT OF
SUBSTITUTE GOODS, TECHNOLOGY, SERVICES, OR ANY CLAIMS BY THIRD PARTIES
(INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY DEFENSE THEREOF), OR OTHER SIMILAR COSTS.
 *******************************************************************************/
// DOM-IGNORE-END


// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************
// Section: Included Files 
// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************

#include "max32_bl.h"

#include <stdio.h>

// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************
// Section: Global Data Definitions
// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************

// *****************************************************************************
/* Application Data

  Summary:
    Holds application data

  Description:
    This structure holds the application's data.

  Remarks:
    This structure should be initialized by the APP_Initialize function.
    
    Application strings and buffers are be defined outside this structure.
*/

MAX32_BL_DATA max32_blData;
#define MAX32_BL_BOOTLOADER_TRIGGER_MEMORY_ADDRESS					0x9D000000		

static void writeStringToUART( const char* string ){
    int pos = 0;
    
    while( string[ pos ] != 0 ){
        while( DRV_USART0_TransmitBufferIsFull() ){}
        DRV_USART0_WriteByte( string[ pos++ ] );
    }
}

static void writeIntAsCharToUART( int i ){
    while( DRV_USART0_TransmitBufferIsFull() ){}
    DRV_USART0_WriteByte( i + 48 );
}

static void waitForUARTFlush(){
    while( !PLIB_USART_TransmitterIsEmpty( USART_ID_1 ) ){}
}

// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************
// Section: Application Callback Functions
// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************
/******************************************************************************
  Function:
    static void MAX32_BL_Bootloader_ForceEvent (void)
    
   Remarks:
    Sets a trigger to be passed to force bootloader callback.
	Run bootloader if memory location == '0xFFFFFFFF' otherwise jump to user 
	application.
*/ 
int MAX32_BL_Bootloader_ForceEvent(void)
{
    int rg6 = PLIB_PORTS_PinGet (PORTS_ID_0, PORT_CHANNEL_G, PORTS_BIT_POS_6);
    
    if( !rg6 ){
        writeStringToUART( "Button held, forcing bootloader\n" );
        return 1;
    }
    
    /* Check the trigger memory location and return true/false. */
    if (*(uint32_t *)MAX32_BL_BOOTLOADER_TRIGGER_MEMORY_ADDRESS == 0xFFFFFFFF)
        return (1);
    else
		return (0);
}

/* TODO:  Add any necessary callback functions.
*/

// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************
// Section: Application Local Functions
// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************


/* TODO:  Add any necessary local functions.
*/


// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************
// Section: Application Initialization and State Machine Functions
// *****************************************************************************
// *****************************************************************************

/*******************************************************************************
  Function:
    void MAX32_BL_Initialize ( void )

  Remarks:
    See prototype in max32_bl.h.
 */

void MAX32_BL_Initialize ( void )
{
    /* Place the App state machine in its initial state. */
    max32_blData.state = MAX32_BL_STATE_INIT;

    
    /* TODO: Initialize your application's state machine and other
     * parameters.
     */
    BOOTLOADER_ForceBootloadRegister(MAX32_BL_Bootloader_ForceEvent);
}

static void printSplash(){    
    writeStringToUART( "MAX32 Bootloader\n" );
    writeStringToUART( "Version " );
    writeIntAsCharToUART( MAJOR_VERSION );
    writeStringToUART( "." );
    writeIntAsCharToUART( MINOR_VERSION );
    writeStringToUART( "\n" );
    writeStringToUART( __DATE__ );
    writeStringToUART( " " );
    writeStringToUART( __TIME__ );
    writeStringToUART( "\n" );
    
    waitForUARTFlush();
}

/******************************************************************************
  Function:
    void MAX32_BL_Tasks ( void )

  Remarks:
    See prototype in max32_bl.h.
 */

void MAX32_BL_Tasks ( void )
{

    /* Check the application's current state. */
    switch ( max32_blData.state )
    {
        /* Application's initial state. */
        case MAX32_BL_STATE_INIT:
        {
            bool appInitialized = true;
       
        
            if (appInitialized)
            {
            
                max32_blData.state = MAX32_BL_STATE_SERVICE_TASKS;
                
                //print splash screen.  this will happen only once
                printSplash();
            }
            break;
        }

        case MAX32_BL_STATE_SERVICE_TASKS:
        {
        
            break;
        }

        /* TODO: implement your application state machine.*/
        

        /* The default state should never be executed. */
        default:
        {
            /* TODO: Handle error in application's state machine. */
            break;
        }
    }
}

 

/*******************************************************************************
 End of File
 */

Part III: Create our main program

Now that we have our bootloader setup, we need to create the main program that will get loaded by the bootloader.

1. Create a new project by going to File->New Project.
2. Select ’32-bit MPLAB Harmony Project’ and click ‘Next’
3. Fill in all of the information on this screen.  Don’t forget to set the PIC device that you are using.
4. If the Harmony configurator does not open up for you automatically, go to Tools -> Embedded -> MPLAB Harmony Configurator
5. Under the ‘Application Configuration’ section, we want to create an application(we will call it max32_program) and click ‘Generate application code for selected Harmony components’.  We want code for the Timer and USART to give us some code to work with.
   

   Main program configuration #1

6. Under the ‘Harmony Framework Configuration’ section, select ‘Bootloader Library’.  We will be using the USART bootloader.  Under the ‘Bootloader or Applicaton?’ section, select ‘Application’
   

   Main program configuration #2

7. Under the ‘Harmony Framework Configuration’ section, also make sure that you have drivers for the timer and USART 0 selected.  The USART should be running at the same baud rate as the bootloader.
8. Go to the ‘Pin Settings’ page as we did before.  For the MAX32, pin RC1 is an output that drives an LED.  We will use RG6 as an input as we did before on the botloader.  Setup those settings.
   

   Pin diagram for the main program

9. Click ‘Generate code’
10. Your project is now created with some basic information.  Since we set up our timer to use interrupts, we now have a TimerCallback function in mainapp.c.  Let’s modify it to toggle the RC1 LED every time the timer is called.  The code will now look like this:

    static void TimerCallback ( uintptr_t context, uint32_t alarmCount )
    {
     static int state = 0;
     PLIB_PORTS_PinWrite (PORTS_ID_0, PORT_CHANNEL_C, PORTS_BIT_POS_1, state);
     state = !state;
    }

11. Build your project.  The hex file that is generated is what you want to send to the bootloader.  Note that this hex file can’t be sent as-is, you must convert it to binary and use Microchip’s protocol.  See the next section for some discussion.

Part IV: Bootloading

Now that we have our bootloader and a program, we should try to actually load information onto the device using the bootloader.  To do this, we will need a program to write the information.  You can use either Microchip’s version in AN1388, or I wrote a version that is cross-platform compatible using my CSerial library.

Whichever method you use, once you have built the actual program you need to send the hex file across to get the bootloader to write the data.  If everything has gone correctly, you will then be able to re-set the board and have your application running.

One more tip: If you can program the entire chip at once(e.g. you have an ICD3), if you set the bootloader project as a loadable of your main project you can flash both projects to the chip at the same time.  Since they get flashed in different locations, there’s no conflict.  Note that this won’t work with the lower-end programmers.

This tutorial probably skims over a few steps, but it should at least be enough to get people started and working with Harmony and its bootloader.  Questions? Add a comment and I will see about expanding upon either this post or a later one.

At work, we use Jenkins to automatically build our software.  We use it to build both Java and C++ programs.  Since it’s useful to have a continuous integration server setup to build and test software, I figured that I would document a bit about what I have done on a new VM that I have setup.

This post is going to go into several different directions and technologies, so it may be a little rambling.

Setting up the VM

In order for us to create a hosted instance of Jenkins, the easiest thing to do is to create a VM for us to install Jenkins on.  Since many hosting providers don’t allow you to run Java on shared hosting, our options are to either create a VPS or create a cloud server.  I chose to create a cloud server with DreamCompute, as my web hosting is already through Dreamhost.  This allows us to create a new VM that we have full control over.  The normal VPS with Dreamhost is at some level still a shared system – Ubuntu only.  My preference is for Debian(I have had many weird issues with Ubuntu before).  Note that Jenkins will probably fail if it has less than 2 GB of RAM.  My first instance only had 512 MB of RAM, and as soon as I started to build something that required a bit of memory the VM immediately started thrashing.  My load average went to 11 with only 1 CPU!  (this means that I had enough jobs to keep 11 CPUs busy)

I launched a new Debian 8 image on DreamCompute and created a little script to install the needed things for Jenkins and a few other dependencies that I needed.  This also sets Jenkins up to run on port 80, so that we can access it directly through our browser.

Now that we have Jenkins installed, we need to SSH in to finish the install.

Finish Setup VM

Now that the VM has been mostly setup, we need to SSH in to finish the install.  The first thing I had to do was to finish the install of some needed parts(obviously, you have to wait until the setup script finishes before you can go to this step).

apt-get install cowbuilder

The next thing that we have to do is to setup Jenkins for the first time.  Get the initial admin password from the server:

root@jenkins:/home/debian# cat /var/lib/jenkins/secrets/initialAdminPassword
<hex-string-here>

This hex string is our default password for logging into Jenkins.  We need to go to our public IP address to set this up.  In my case, it is 208.113.129.94.  Once I got there, I put in the admin password and setup Jenkins for the first time.

DNS Setup

Accessing the server by the IP is not particularly useful.  Fortunately, DreamHost has a quick guide on how to setup your DNS entries.  I then put the server at jenkins.rm5248.com.

Jenkins Jobs

I have quite a few projects on my GitHub.  Half of this endeavor is to make a nice place where I can make sure that software is building cleanly.  So I have added a few projects to have them build automatically.

C/C++ Projects

Now to the other big reason for doing this: enabling automatic builds and automatic packaging.  Building Debian packages can be a little tricky. Some tools, like jenkins-debian-glue exist, but they are not the greatest for configuration and usage.  Problems that exist with jenkins-debian-glue:

• Script-based.  This is not too bad, but it means that it is hard to split builds across multiple nodes.  For example, building ARM packages on an ARM node in my testing is almost 10x faster than emulating ARM on x86
• Configuration is not clear.  There are separate scripts to generate git snapshots and svn snapshots.   Not all of the configuration variables are documented either.
• Requires a lot of manual configuration.
• The default setup requires you to have two Jenkins jobs per project.  This can quickly go overboard and lead to an explosion of jobs.
• Outputs of the build are not automatically archived to be able to be downloaded through the web interface

To be clear, jenkins-debian-glue is not the worst way to build Debian packages – but it could be a lot better.  So I wrote my own Jenkins plugin to do it.

Debian Pbuilder

This plugin is designed to make building of Debian packages very simple and straightforward.  Because it’s a plugin, it also makes running on other Jenkins nodes practical.  It is also in some ways a port of jenkins-debian-glue to Java, instead of being shell scripts.  In that regard, it uses cowbuilder to create the chroot environment and does build everything in a clean environment.  The actual Jenkins plugin for building packages doesn’t support this behavior at all, which makes builds awkward.

Anyway, this plugin fixes these issues and does everything in a nice way.  If there are people who would like to test out this plugin, that would be very useful.  Since it is built through our Jenkins instance, we can create a new build of the project at any time.  Note that as of right now, you have to install the plugin manually through Jenkins, it is not on the main Jenkins git to be easily installed at this moment.

More information on how to use Debian-pbuilder will be coming soon. 🙂

Other Nodes

This is not strictly related to Jenkins in the cloud, but one thing that we have done at work is to get a dedicated ARM computer in order to build our ARM packages with Debian-pbuilder. We use the NVidia Jetson TK1 board as a Jenkins node.  This greatly decreases our build time from almost 1 hour to only 10 minutes!  The problem with what we were doing before was that because of how Debian-pbuilder and jenkins-debian-glue work, they create an (emulated) chroot environment on the system.  This is slooooooooooow.  Making the chroot on actual hardware greatly speeds up the building of projects.

Have you ever had to checkout an SVN revision by the date and gotten an error like the following?

bash$ svn co -r {2016-11-28} https://example.com/svn/foo
svn: E175002: Unexpected HTTP status 500 'Internal Server Error' on '/svn/!svn/me'

svn: E175002: Additional errors:
svn: E175002: REPORT request on '/svn/!svn/me' failed: 500 Internal Server Error

(This is often the case with Jenkins, see this issue for some more details)

Why Jenkins checks out revisions by date is another matter(it’s stupid), but what is the original problem in the first place?  Well, if we look at the Apache error_log on the server, it will look something like the following:

[Mon Nov 28 08:01:24 2016] [error] [client 127.0.0.1] Could not access revision times.  [500, #175002]

Well, that’s not good.  What causes the problem exactly?  I’m not sure; but this only started after I committed a revision and the SVN command exited after printing out an error message, something about not being able to lock the database(I think this came from the server).  Things didn’t break all at once for some reason, but eventually all of the automated builds on Jenkins were failing.  The workaround specified in JENKINS-17431(edit the URLs to add @HEAD) works, but the fact that it randomly broke was bothering me.

Since this seemed to be related to a revision time problem, I tried to find out what revision was broken, which eventually led me to this blog post with the solution.  I’ve copied the relevant portions of the post below incase the post is ever removed/deleted:

In order to correct the problem the entries with the missing dates will need to be located.  This is easily done with the following command string which needs to be run on the Subversion server itself.

svn log --xml -v -r {2010-12-01T00:00:00Z}:{2011-01-13T15:00:00Z} file:///svn/repo

If there is any issue related to the time on a revision then the following error will be shown when you run the above command.

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<log>
svn: Failed to find time on revision 34534

The first step in making the necessary corrections is to edit the /svn/repos/mosaic/hooks/post-revprop-change file so that it contains the following information.

#!/bin/sh
exit 0

If the previous steps had not be performed the hook files would have prevented this step from actually occurring. So to make the change to the revision entry the svn command is used on the server itself using the propset subcommand. When entering the date try to select a date that is in between the dates that proceed and follow this revision entry.

svn propset -r34534 --revprop svn:date '2010-11-29T19:55:44.000220Z' file:///svn/repo

The interesting thing about this was that in my case, the particular revision that was bad had been committed over 3 years ago, so why that one revision was bad is still a mystery to me.

The other month, I was working on some code where I had to be concerned about the endianess of the data.  I came across this article from IBM which greatly cleared up some things(I got to the article at least partially from this Stackoverflow quesetion).

Now I’m going to deviate here as that was almost a month ago and I forget what I was going to talk about here.

Anyway, the point here is that when you do any sort of bit-shift or bit-masking, it is always in the code as big-endian format.  When you do an operation, it is always big-endian but how it gets stored differs on what machine you are on.  To get the actual layout of the byte as they are in-memory, I generally cast the data as a uint8_t*.  So for example, let’s take the following code:

uint32_t value = 0x12345678;
uint8_t* value_memory = (uint8_t*)&value;

for( int x = 0; x < 4; x++ ){
    printf( "0x%02X ", value_memory[ x ] );
}

With this code, there will be two different outputs depending on what endianess your machine is in.  On a big-endian machine(like MIPS) this will print out something like the following:

0x12 0x34 0x56 0x78

However, on a little-endian machine(x86, ARM) it will print out the values in the opposite direction:

0x78 0x56 0x34 0x12

The thing to remember here is that the ‘value’ variable, when printed out on both big and little-endian systems, will print out as the same value.

If you need to force a particular byte order, make an array in the code(this is shown in the IBM article).  If you need to convert a particular byte sequence into the proper endianess for your processor, you can simply OR the two bytes together.

For example, let’s assume that we get the following two bytes in big-endian order:

uint8_t bytes[] = { 0x12, 0x34 };

To convert this to your processor endianess as a 16-bit value, you only have to OR the two bytes together, and since OR-ing will always act as though the bytes were in a big-endian format, your data has magically become the proper endianess.

uint16_t proper_endianess = (bytes[ 0 ] << 8 ) | bytes[ 1 ];

Anyway I hope that somewhat clears some things up.  (Although I think I may have simply confused people more).

Have you ever used a library in a project, only to find that it depends on other libraries, only to depend on other libraries?

I’m willing to bet that you have.  Fortunately, there exist tools in the world to help manage these dependencies.  In the Java world, Maven is the de facto standard in this regard.  It’s quite convenient to manage your dependencies.  On Windows, NuGet is the de facto standard.  (Note: I have never used NuGet.  The number of dependencies can quickly get staggeringly huge though, so that is at least part of the reason that these tools exist.

Why do I bring this up? Well, at work we use jOOQ for our database operations.  It’s an awesome library that you should use if you need to do database operations in Java.  They also have a blog that I read from time to time, as there is some good information included in it.  One of their more recent blog posts talks about libraries and having zero dependencies.  Basically, the argument here is that all libraries should have zero dependencies, because of getting into a dependency hell(although they do carve out an exception for frameworks such as Spring and Java EE).

I don’t fully agree with this statement, but it is a good time to talk about these dependencies.  As far as I am able, none of the libraries that I have made have any dependencies(that being said, I only have one library on Maven: JavaSerial).

Why don’t I fully agree with the statement?  Well, in many cases I don’t think that it is entirely unreasonable to have a dependency, although this can get into a very gray area.  In the case of jOOQ, it would not be entirely unreasonable to have a dependency on commons-lang, because there are two different artifacts for commons-lang(one for version 2.x[commons-lang] and one for version 3.x[commons-lang3]).  On the other hand though, if there is only one class that you need from a certain dependency, it is reasonable to simply wrap that class as jOOQ does in order to provide the same level of support.

With that being said, here is a set of questions you should ask yourself when deciding if you need a hard dependency of a library:

• What is the dependency attempting to provide?  For example, SLF4J is a reasonable dependency to have, since many libraries already use it for logging(although, if at all possible, you should use java.util.logging instead)
• How much of the dependency do you need?  If you only need a single class from commons-lang as jOOQ does, pulling in the full dependency does not make sense.  If you use a significant portion, then it may make sense.  This is probably the most important question you have to ask.  If you are doing a lot of reflection, then it may be worth it to get a library to help you do reflection.  If you only need to do it once, it probably doesn’t make sense.
• How widespread is the library?  Commons-lang is a widely used library, so having it as a dependency is not likely to cause problems.
• Are there different versions of the library that people may be using?  As shown in the jOOQ blog post, if you are using Guava 15 while another library uses Guava 18, will that cause problems?  I have never used Guava, so I don’t know if it would actually cause a problem, depending on how the API has changed.

I realize that this is not a comprehensive list, nor is it a perfect guide.  Ultimately, as a library writer you should try as much as possible to keep the number of dependencies down as low as possible.  Otherwise, it can quickly lead to dependency hell for the end users, and potentially for you as well.